Skeleton of Human

Skeleton of Human


v Skull: Has total 29 bones
·       Total cranial bones : 8
Frontal -1, parietal- 2, temporal-2, occipital-1, sphenoid-1
Ethmoid-1
Middle ear in human is enclosed by temporal bone
·        Total facial bones: 14
Nasals-2, maxillae-2, mandible-1, vomer-1, palatine-2, lachrymal-2, inferior nasal-2, zygomatic (cheek bone) - 2
·        Ear ossicles: 6( 3 in each ear)
·        Single hyoid bone at the base of tongue
·        The joint of skull bone is called suture and the air filled cavities in the skull bone is called sinuses
·        Coronal suture joins frontal and parietal bone
·        Lambdoidal suture joins parietal and occipital bone
·        Squamous suture joins parietal and temporal bone
·        Saggital suture joins two parietal bones
·        Sella turcica for lodging pituitary gland is found in sphenoid bone
·        Mastoid process is found in temporal bone
v Vertebral column:
 Total no vertebra is 33 in infants and 26 in adults. In adult the sacral and coccyx vertebra gets fused
·        Cervical- 7
·        Thoracic- 12
·        Lumbar- 5
·        Sacral- 1(5 in infants)
·        Coccyx- 1(4 in infants)
v Sternum: single piece, flat and has Xiphoid process
v Ribs: 12 pairs
·        True: 7 pairs ( 1st- 7th)
·        False/pseudo: 3 pairs ( 8th,9th,10th)
·        Floating: 2 pairs (11th-12th)
v Pectoral girdle: total 4 bones : 2 clavicle and 2 scapula

v Pelvic girdle: 2 innominate bones, Innominate= (pubis+ilium+Ischium)


v Fore limbs: total 60 bones(both hands) : humerus-2,radius-2,ulna-2,carpals-16,metacarpals-10 and phalanges- 28

v Hind limbs: total 60 bones(both legs) : femur-2, tibia-2,fibula-2,patella-2,tarsals-14,metatarsals-10,phalanges-28
Note:
·        Total bone in adult : 206
·        Total bone in infant: 213
·        Ligament joins bone to bone and tendon joins bone to muscle

        ¨        Extra knowledge:
·        Clavicle is first bone to ossify
·        Mandible is second bone to ossify
·        Sinuses are the air filled cavity of skull bones.there is 4 sinuses in human, they are: maxillary sinus, frontal sinus, sphenoid sinus and ethmoid sinus. The inflammation of sinus is called sinusitis( pinas)
·        Fontanelle is the membranous space between the cranial bones in infants.
·        Knee joint is largest joint of human body
·        Arthritis is the inflammation od joint
·        Tuberculosis of back bone is called pott’s disease
·        Deficiency of vitamin D in children causes rickets
·        Deficiency of vitamin D in adult causes osteomalacia
·        The decrease in bone mass due to deficiency of calcium is called osteoporosis
·        Osteomyelitis: the inflammation of bone by staphylococcous aureus
·        Gout is the disease of joint caused by deposition of sodium urate crystal in joints
·        Osteosarcoma is the cancer of bone
·        Osteogenesis imperfect : also called brittle bone syndrome is genetic disorder resulting in failuse of ossification of bone
·        Polio caused by picorna virus caused bone deformities in limbs
·        End of long bones are made up of hyaline cartilage
·        Redbone marrow is present on epiphysis of long bone and yellow bone marrow in metaphysis

·        Long bones of mammal consist of Haversian canal. The two haversian canal are joined by volkmans canal